Islam is very clear on the concept of God and the concept of Prophet so that there is no confusion or ambiguity in the minds of Muslims between the two. Islam distinguished between a) The word of Allah brought by the angel Jibreel (Gabriel) as revelation, known as the Qur’an; and b) The words of Prophet Muhammad (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) which are known as the Hadith.
This separate identity of Allah and His creation is very vital if you study the history of old religions and Islam ensured that they were not mixed. How was this done?
How Was The Integrity Of The Qur’an Insured?
The companions (radiallahu ‘anhum) on the instruction of Prophet Muhammad (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam), wrote down the words of Allah as revealed and also kept them in memory, so as to ensure that from the time of revelation until now the word of Allah remains pure and untainted. However, the Prophet commanded the companions not to write down the Hadith during the early period of Islam, and the wisdom behind this was not to mix the Hadith with the word of Allah. It is very important for Muslims to understand the differences between the Hadith, Hadith Qudsi, and the Qur’an.
There is another important aspect to Hadith. The actions and sayings of the Prophet (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) provided clarification of the meanings of Qur’an. When inquired about the character of Prophet Muhammad (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam), his wife Aisha (radiallahu ‘anhaa) replied, His character is the Qur’an. This indicates that Prophet (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) gave further explanation of the Qur’an with what he said or did during his lifetime. For example, the Qur’an mentions prayer and the Hadith or the Sunnah shows Muslims how and when to do it. The following details will help clarify the matter further.
Defining The Types of Hadith
The meaning of Hadith is news, report or narration. They are reports about the Prophet (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) in the following:
* What he said (qaul)
* What he did (fi’l)
* What he approved in other people’s action (taqrir)
* There are also reports about him i.e. what he was like (sifa)
There is agreement among most Muslim scholars, that the contents of the sunnah are also from Allah. However, these were expressed by the Prophet Muhammad (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) in his own words or actions. They are the words and actions of a human being transmitted by the companions and family members (radiallahu ‘anhum), who memorized the words or closely observed the actions of Prophet Muhammad (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) for the benefit of the Muslim Ummah.
Hadith Qudsi
Qudsi means holy or pure. There are some reports from Prophet Muhammad (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) where he relates to the people starting with a statement “Allah (said) says” or “Allah (did) does”, but this information is not part of the Qur’an. These are called Hadith Qudsi.
For example: Abu Dharr Al-Ghifari reported, that Allah’s messenger related from his Rubb is that He said: O My slaves, I have forbidden oppression for Myself and have made it forbidden amongst you, so do not oppress one another...O My slaves, all of you are astray except for those I have guided, so seek guidance of Me and I shall guide you. O my slaves, all of you are hungry except for those I have fed, so seek food of Me and I shall feed you... [Reported by Muslim]
The Difference Between Hadith Qudsi and the Qur’an
While the common factor between Hadith Qudsi and the Qur’an is that both contain words from Allah which have been revealed to Prophet Muhammad (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam), the main points of differences are:
1 . In the Qur’an the precise wording is from Allah, while wording in the Hadith Qudsi is given by the Prophet Muhammad (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam);
2 . The Qur’an has been brought to the Prophet (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) only by the angel Jibreel (Gabriel), while Hadith Qudsi may also have been inspired otherwise, such as e.g. a dream;
3 . The Qur’an is inimitable and unique, while the Hadith Qudsi is not;
4 . Qur’an has been transmitted by numerous persons (tawaatur), whereas the Hadith Qudsi is often only transmitted by a few or sometimes even by one individual. There are also Hadith Qudsi which are graded as Saheeh (highest authenticity), or hasan (authentic), or even da’if (weakness in the transmission or text). There is no such doubt about any of the verses of the Qur’an.
5 . Hadith Qudsi cannot be recited in the prayer.
The Qur’an was recorded at the time of revelation and the verses and chapters were arranged on the instructions of Prophet Muhammad (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) during his lifetime. Every year during the month of Ramadan the angel Jibreel came to the Prophet (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) and recited the Qur’an with him, and during the year the Prophet (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) died, the angel Jibreel came twice and recited the Qur’an with him. This was not so in the case of Hadith.
All chapters and verses of the Qur’an were collected and arranged during the caliphate of Abu Bakr (radiallahu ‘anhu). They were written on sheets and bound together as a book during the caliphate of Uthman (radiallahu ‘anhu) in the same order as shown by the Prophet Muhammad (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) himself. Additional copies of the Qur’an were made during this occasion and sent to several Islamic cities. However, the compilation of Hadith did not start until very much later and by that time, the Qur’an was already available in the final form of a bound book.
The science of collecting, analysing, compiling, grading and reporting of Hadiths became a special field of studies after the period of companions (radiallahu ‘anhum). The leading reports are from Al-Bukhari, Muslim, At-Tirmidhi, An-Nasai, Ibn Majah, and Abu Dawood which are known as the six most authentic books (As-Sihaahus-Sittah). The validity of a Hadith depends solely on its agreement with the Qur’an and the grading of a Hadith depends on the reliability of the chain of narrators who reported it.
In order to do this, the reporter studied the characters and the life of every single person who were mentioned in the chain of narrators. We notice that utmost care was exercised not only in reporting the exact words, but also sifting through the characters of persons who reported them. If a single person in the chain of narrators is reported to be of doubtful character or unreliable, then the entire Hadith is either rejected or this fact is noted down and specifically mentioned.
The Imams who undertook this enormous task of compiling and reporting the Hadiths exercised great care in their lifetime effort, because these studies laid the foundation for the guidelines in understanding and practicing Islam in the life of every Muslim.
The Types Of Hadith
The meaning of Hadith is news, report or narration.
They are reports about the Prophet (sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam) in the following:
* What he said (qaul)
* What he did (fi’l)
* What he approved in other people’s action (taqrir)
* There are also reports about him i.e. what he was like (sifa)
